Thursday, 1 October 2015
سابقة قضائية بتسليم ضبع مخطط بناء على دعوى قضائية من الجنوبيون الخضر | Legal Precedent: Striped Hyena Handed Over Following Lawsuit by Green Southerners
إستصراح: «الجنوبيون الخضر» واليوم الوطني للسّلاحف البحرية | Commentary: "Green Southerners" and the National Day for Sea Turtles
تقدَّم «الجنوبيون الخضر»، وهي جمعية تعنى بالبيئة والتراث في لبنان وبشكل أساسي في الجنوب اللبناني، في أيلول من عام 2014 باقتراح إلى وزارة البيئة لإعلان الخامس من أيار يوماً وطنياً للسلاحف البحرية في لبنان. ويضع مؤسس الجمعية ورئيسها هشام يونس (ناشط وأكاديمي) الاقتراح في إطار تصوّر الجمعية لموضوع حماية واستعادة الحياة البرية في لبنان والجنوب (rewilding) وهو المفهوم الذي تعتمده الجمعية في أدبياتها ونشاطها بغية التأسيس لتنمية مستدامة حقيقية قوامها البيئة والحياة البرية اللبنانية والتراث العاملي واللبناني.
يشرح يونس أسباب هذا الاقتراح بأن «السلاحف البحرية باتت مهددة جدياً بالانقراض عن السواحل اللبنانية في حال استمرت التعديات المتفاقمة، سواء كانت بالإنشاءات العشوائية المتعدية على الشاطئ اللبناني، أو التلوث ورمي النفايات وتحويل مياه الصرف الصحي وتلك السامة من المعامل والمصانع باتجاه البحر، إضافة إلى كل أشكال الصيد البحري غير القانوني من استخدام الديناميت الذي ما زال شائعاً». وكل ذلك، بحسب يونس، «من شأنه أن يقوّض التنوع البيولوجي ما يفسّر انقراض أعداد من انواع الأسماك أو انحسارها بعدما كان يشتهر بها البحر اللبناني».
ويشير يونس إلى خطورة ما يسميه تعديل أو التلاعب بالتصنيف العقاري، «معظم العقارات المتاخمة للشاطئ كانت مصنّفة زراعية أما اليوم فإننا نجد أن العديد منها بات مصنفاً سياحياً». وبحسب يونس، تهدف «الجنوبيون الخضر» إلى تعميم الوعي انطلاقاً من «كون ذلك مسؤولية أخلاقية تجاه كائنات جميلة تعد الأقدم على وجه الأرض وتعود إلى كثر من مئة مليون سنة ونجحت في البقاء على قيد الحياة وهي موجودة على شواطئنا قبل أن يخطو عليها أي إنسان ويهدّدها اليوم الجشع والفوضى، كما أنها تلعب دوراً حيوياً في تجديد حياة الموائل البحرية والشاطئية». ويلفت الرجل إلى عدد من الأنشطة الخاصة بيوم السلاحف الوطني تنظّمها الجمعية في الأسبوع الأول من أيار بالتعاون مع عدد من الجمعيات المعنية.
فراس خليفة، جريدة الأخبار
29 إبريل/ نيسان 2015
الرابط:
https://www.al-akhbar.com/Baladi/20018
مقالة: السلاحف البحرية تحفظ الساحل اللبناني وتنمّيه | The Role of Marine Turtles in Conserving and Enhancing Lebanon’s Coastal Ecosystems
وتستوجب هذه الحيوية، في المرحلة المقبلة، دراسة أوسع لنشاط هذه الكائنات الجميلة والحيوية والمهددة بخطر الانقراض وهو ما من شأنه أن يوفر لنا رؤية أشمل وأعمق لطبيعة الساحل اللبناني ولخصوصياته وتنوعه البيولوجي. وفهم دور السلاحف ضمن السلسلة الغذائية للموائل وبالتالي أهميتها وسبل الحفاظ عليها. وتشكيل أرضية معرفية بيولوجية تؤسس لفهم أعمق لسبل التنمية المستدامة للشاطئ ومحيطة وللحرف المعتمدة عليه وبشكل خاص الصيد البحري والتي يفيد منها آلاف العوائل اللبنانية.
Historical Presence and Ecological Significance
Marine turtles have been active and present along the Lebanese coast for at
least several thousand years. These creatures are among the oldest living
beings on Earth, tracing back more than 100 million years. While the formation
of the Eastern Mediterranean coastline dates to the Quaternary period (the most
recent geological era), sea turtles in Lebanon represent one of the most
ecologically vital and biologically active marine species in the country’s
coastal and aquatic history. Their significance is thus amplified, not only for
their role in the Mediterranean marine ecosystems and food chains but also as
biological archives that offer insight into the evolutionary processes of
marine habitats along the Lebanese shoreline.
A mapping study by the Lebanese Ministry of Environment
(included in the frame) identified multiple nesting sites for marine turtles
(from May to October annually), as well as habitat zones along the Lebanese
coast—primarily concentrated in the south, with some locations in the central
and northern regions, especially in areas relatively untouched by large-scale
human interventions. This is largely due to turtles’ sensitivity to various
forms of pollution, particularly light and noise pollution caused by unregulated
and expansive coastal tourism developments. These developments have often been
implemented without proper environmental planning or consideration of the
coastal heritage, exploiting beaches illegally and causing significant
ecological harm through activities such as land reclamation, construction of
artificial pools, and other maritime installations.
Additionally, pollution from tourist boats and jet skis
introduces chemical contaminants into the water, posing a direct threat to
turtles, especially as they surface to breathe.
Need for Expanded Research and Conservation
Given their ecological importance and vulnerability to extinction, there is a
pressing need for more comprehensive studies on marine turtles in Lebanon. This
would enhance our understanding of the coastal ecosystem, the role turtles play
in marine food webs, and the biological diversity of Lebanese waters. Moreover,
such research can form a foundation for developing sustainable coastal
development strategies and safeguarding marine-dependent livelihoods,
particularly artisanal fishing that supports thousands of Lebanese families.
Biological Importance
In recent years, research on marine turtles and their ecological roles has
increased substantially. Despite being among Earth’s most ancient species and
playing critical roles in marine and coastal ecosystems, many aspects of their
biology remain underexplored. One of the seven existing turtle species—the Flatback
turtle—is listed as “Data Deficient” by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), indicating a gap in biological knowledge.
Genetic variation among turtle populations, particularly
between isolated Mediterranean populations (e.g., loggerhead and green turtles)
and their Atlantic counterparts, is still an active field of study. Biologists
are also investigating how turtle behaviour relates to broader ecological
phenomena, such as seagrass regeneration, shark population dynamics, jellyfish
blooms, seabird activity, and coastal biodiversity.
Climate change, with its escalating impacts, has further
highlighted the need to study species that survived past climate upheavals over
millions of years. Understanding how marine turtles respond to such changes can
offer insights into the resilience and adaptability of marine ecosystems, as
turtles often occupy top or keystone positions in food chains.
Ecological Roles of Turtle Species
Marine turtles vary significantly in diet and function according to their
species. Carnivorous species such as the loggerhead (Caretta caretta),
leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), and hawksbill turtles
consume invertebrates and jellyfish, while herbivorous species like the green
turtle (Chelonia mydas) graze on seagrass. Omnivorous species (e.g.,
Ridley turtles) consume both plant and animal matter. Turtle jaw
structures have evolved to align with their dietary needs, playing a vital role
in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs and coastal
habitats.
In the Mediterranean and along Lebanese shores, three turtle
species are present:
- Loggerhead
turtles (Caretta caretta) – Nesting species
- Green
turtles (Chelonia mydas) – Nesting species
- Leatherback
turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) – Present but do not nest
locally
The leatherback turtle, the largest of all marine turtles,
does not nest in the Mediterranean and is thought to have migrated into the
basin only after the last Ice Age. The IUCN classifies green turtles as
“Endangered,” and loggerhead and leatherback turtles as “Vulnerable.” In
Lebanon, loggerhead and green turtle populations are at risk of local
extinction due to habitat loss, pollution, and illegal fishing practices.
Each species contributes uniquely to ecological health:
- Green
turtles enhance seagrass vitality by grazing, supporting microhabitats for
plankton and invertebrates.
- Loggerheads,
common in Lebanese waters, use their powerful jaws to feed on crustaceans
and mollusks, facilitating nutrient cycling and seabed rejuvenation.
- Leatherbacks
and loggerheads that feed on jellyfish help control jellyfish populations,
preventing imbalances that could harm fish stocks, as jellyfish prey on
fish eggs and larvae.
Onshore, turtles also play vital roles during nesting season
(May to October). Each nest may contain 100–120 eggs, enriching beach
ecosystems through nutrients in shells and unhatched eggs, supporting
vegetation and fauna such as red foxes, seabirds, and crabs. Their movements
between sea and shore help transport nutrients, enhancing beach biodiversity.
Together with other top predators like sharks and monk
seals, marine turtles are essential to the ecological integrity of
Mediterranean marine systems. The disappearance of such key species would
severely undermine biodiversity and ecosystem balance. Protecting them is
therefore imperative for ecological, scientific, and ethical reasons, and
directly benefits sustainable fisheries.
- Naqoura – One of the richest biodiversity zones on the coast (no official statistics).
- Mansouri Beach Sanctuary – Lebanon’s most active nesting site, 34 nests recorded in 2014 (down from 80+ in earlier years). Managed by The Orange House Project, led by activist Mona Khalil. Threatened by nearby illegal construction.
- Qlaileh Beach Sanctuary – No official stats; under threat from unauthorised tourism development.
- Tyre Coast Nature Reserve – Declared a reserve in Nov 1998. Faces encroachments around Ras el Ain and landfill zones. 7–8 nests recorded annually.
- Babouk (Abbasieh) Beach – No official data.
- Adloun–Sarafand – Several nesting spots identified, including a semi-annual nest maintained by locals. Threatened by illegal activities and pollution.
- Zahrani, Damour, Rmeileh, Ouzai Beaches – No official data; all under threat from construction, pollution, and illegal fishing practices.
- Ramlet el-Baida Beach – Threatened by adjacent private developments encroaching on public land.
- Jbeil Beach – Facing threats from real estate projects.
- Sheikh Zannad Beach – Threatened by dynamite fishing and other illegal methods.
- Palm Islands Nature Reserve – One of the documented nesting areas, averaging 36 nests per year according to reserve data.
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IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Marine Turtles. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved from https://www.iucnredlist.org
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Kasparek, M. (2001). Sea turtles in the Mediterranean: Distribution, population status, conservation. RAC/SPA, UNEP/MAP, Tunis.
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Margaritoulis, D., Argano, R., Baran, I., Bentivegna, F., Bradai, M. N., Caminas, J. A., ... & Houghton, J. (2003). Loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean Sea: present knowledge and conservation perspectives. In A. B. Bolten & B. E. Witherington (Eds.), Loggerhead Sea Turtles (pp. 175–198). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA. (2007). Action Plan for the Conservation of Mediterranean Marine Turtles (Revised). United Nations Environment Programme, Tunis.

